Choose from 249 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology etiology flashcards on quizlet. Causes, symptoms, treatment, preventive measures, and prognosis differ depending on whether the infection is bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic. Oct 01, 2016 a cochrane metaanalysis selected six randomized controlled trails rcts of corticosteroids in pneumonia including a total of 437 participants. A ct scan also shows the airway trachea and bronchi in great detail and can help determine if pneumonia may be related to a problem within the airway. Pneumonia caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but only one third of children with pneumonia receive the antibiotics they need.
A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on. Learn from pneumonia experts like kenneth kee and the orca project corp. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology with free interactive flashcards. According to the infectious disease society of america idsa, pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the usa, with greater than 14% mortality among hospitalized patients. Pathophysiology of pneumonia respiratory tract disorders. It may suggest a difference in the pathophysiology of lung injury in these patients who aspirate acidic gastric contents causing a. The alveoli are tiny sacs in human lungs, filled with air. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. This healthhearty writeup provides information on the pathophysiology of pneumonia. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza. A cochrane metaanalysis selected six randomized controlled trails rcts of corticosteroids in pneumonia including a total of 437 participants.
Aspiration pneumonia the causative agents in aspiration pneumonia have shifted from anaerobic to aerobic bacteria. The use of corticosteroids accelerated the resolution of symptoms and time to clinical stability defined as improvement in chest xray and normalization of temperature, respiratory rate, and inflammatory markers. Primary influenza pneumonia manifests with persistent symptoms of cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, and malaise for more than three to five days. Bronchopneumonia pathophysiology pdf free serial pdf. Viral pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the usa and around the world.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can cause mild to severe illness in people of all ages. Accordingly pneumonia may be classified as cap typical and atypical cap, nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia in immunecompromised host and necrotizing pneumonia. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. Lipsett, mdb, pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients. Ppt pneumonia powerpoint presentation free to view. Waning cellular, humoral, and innate immune functioning may impair viral clearance, which allows spread of the virus to the lower respiratory tract resulting in increased inflammation. Depending on the cause, doctors often treat pneumonia with medicine. The symptoms may worsen with time, and new respiratory signs and symptoms, such as dyspnea and cyanosis, appear. Pneumonia has been a common disease throughout human history. Pneumonia killed an estimated 9,35,000 children under the age of five in 20.
Physical or chemical injury to the lungs can also result in the condition. When you breathe in, oxygenrich air travels into the body through the airways trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles in your lungs. There are barriers to infection that include anatomical structures nasal hairs, turbinates, epiglottis, cilia, and humoral and cellular immunity. Jan 06, 2020 globally, pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children younger than the age of 5 years. What is the pathophysiology of bacterial pneumonia. Continuing stress in the last 30 to 40 years has been placed on pneumonia, which, according to claireaux, 1 accounts for approximately 90% of fatal neonatal infection, and studies of congenital pneumonia in stillborn and. Pneumonia national heart, lung, and blood institute nhlbi. Although neisseria meningitidis is one of the major causes of meningitis, meningococcal pneumonia is the most common nonneurological organ disease caused by this pathogen. Initial work identifying the two common bacterial causes streptococcus pneumoniae and klebsiella pneumoniae was performed. The care provider can usually diagnose the cause and determine the. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the.
Get my notes in pdf files that are downloadable at s. Nov 23, 2018 new anatomy and physiology video 768,199 views. Bacteria were first seen in the airways of individuals who died from pneumonia edwin klebs in 1875. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications. Pneumonia in children typically presents with tachypnea rapid breathing, fever, and cough. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other. In more affluent societies pneumonia is rarely fatal, it leads however to 8 respiratory disease and infection a new insight. S64 understanding better the pathophysiology of aspiration. Demographics pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in children worldwide, accounting for 15% of all deaths of children under 5 years old. Bronchopneumonia pathophysiology pdf clin chest med.
Pneumonia 15 pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Pneumonia definition pneumonia is an acute infection of the parenchyma of the lung, caused. Symptoms of pneumonia, like chest pain, cough, fatigue and difficulty breathing, can require hospitalisation. However, it is still the leading infectious cause of death in children younger than 5 years old worldwide. Note the increased anteroposterior chest diameter, which is suggestive of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd. Once these barriers are breached, infection, either. Treatment of communityonset pneumonia in neutropenic cancer patients. Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection that is characterized by the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. Choose from 98 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology flashcards on quizlet. Although viral pneumonia does occur, viruses more commonly play a part in weakening. In addition, vaccines can prevent some types of pneumonia. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology etiology with free interactive flashcards.
Pseudomonas, achromobacter, acinetobacter, stenotrophomonas should receive 7 days of therapy complicated pneumonia. Background pneumonia was first described by hippocrates 5 460 370 bc. Pneumonia is the only journal to focus exclusively on pneumonia. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. The varied presentation and limited diagnostic methods available present unique challenges for accurately identifying m. Overview of pneumonia merck manuals professional edition. Elderly persons are at increased risk of infection and complications in viral pneumonia because of comorbidities. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that todays audiences expect. Jun 15, 2017 pathophysiology how does pneumonia develop. Pneumonia is acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. Radiographic images in a patient with right upper lobe pneumonia.
It is the leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death in the united states and exacts an enormous cost in economic and human terms. Describe the findings of pneumonia on physical examination of preschool children. The pathology of neonatal pneumonia jama pediatrics. Initial diagnosis is usually based on chest xray and clinical findings. Pathophysiology of pneumonia clinics in chest medicine. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses.
A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Many organisms, including viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia, but the most common causes are bacteria, in particular species of streptococcus and mycoplasma. General symptoms include chest pain, fever, cough, and trouble breathing. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus purulent material, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Globally the incidence of pneumonia in children pneumonia is caused by an infection of the lungs and may present as a. Pneumonia is an invasion of the lower respiratory tract, below the larynx by pathogens either by inhalation, aspiration, respiratory epithelium invasion, or hematogenous spread. Pneumonia is usually caused due to an infection with a bacteria, virus, fungi or parasite. In adults it is mostly caused by bacteria whereas in children and infants it is commonly due to viruses.
Learn about causes, risk factors, prevention, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatments for pneumonia, and how to participate in clinical trials. Ppt pneumonia powerpoint presentation free to download. Part i pneumonia overview, lobar and bronchopneumonia duration. Pneumonia is responsible for 18% of death 2 mlnyear in young children worldwide, mostly occurring in impoverished countries with limited access to healthcare system. Pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung becomes inflamed. Apr 02, 2020 pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. Know pneumonia and how to protect yourself by reading on.
Challenges remain in distinguishing aspiration pneumonia from chemical pneumonitis. The inflammation could occur due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. Read pneumonia books like inflamed lungs, pneumonitis a simple guide to the condition, diagnosis, treatment and related conditions and killer whales orcas that died in captivity by location for free with a free 30day trial. The pneumonia severity index should be used to assist in decisions regarding hospitalization of patients with cap. As already mentioned, pneumonia develops as a result of inflammation of the alveolar space.
Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Clinically it is prudent to classify pneumonia according to setting in which it occurs because it helps the treating physician to give empirical antimicrobial therapy. However, care should be exercised in diagnosing pneumonia caused by legionella pneumoniae as hap if the patient develops it. Viral etiology cold, dry weather and crowding favors spread virus replicates exponentially wi respiratory tract. The pathology of neonatal pneumonia jama pediatrics jama. Name the most important cause of bacterial pneumonia in children older than 6 months of age. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is a type of atypical bacterial pathophysiology of pneumonia pdf that is characterized by a relatively long incubation period. A ct scan can also show complications of pneumonia, abscesses or pleural effusions and enlarged lymph nodes. The care provider can usually diagnose the cause and determine the appropriate therapy based on the history and physical. The causative organisms for pneumonia vary greatly between studies depending on population studied, the diagnostic method used to detect pathogens and the seasonal distribution of the viruses.
Viral infections are the most frequent cause of childhood pneumonia, particularly in preschool ages. Cough, particularly cough productive of sputum, is the most consistent. Department of pediatrics, respiratory medicine division, university of virginia health system, charlottesville, va after completing this article, readers should be able to. Lowe, cyprian muyodi, esther getambu, fergus gleeson and j. Microbes can reach the lungs by inhalation, aspiration the entrance of solid or liquid material into the lungs, for example, during vomiting or by blood, for example, in intravenous drug users or during blood infection or septicemia septic pneumonia. Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults worldwide.
Conclusion aspiration pneumonia has a high mortality, particular in those with a history of aspiration living in residential or nursing facilities. There was a call to reach a consensus on definitions of pneumonia in both resourcelimited and wellresourced settings. Pneumonia mycoplasma pneumoniae diseasepathogenesis for. Perinatal infection, which has accounted for 10% to 20% of newborn deaths, 1 remains in this era of almost universal antibiotic therapy a source of medical frustration. Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the lungs that causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus.
Apr 29, 2019 bronchopneumonia pathophysiology pdf clin chest med. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Aug 20, 2019 pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses. The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. Most community acquired pneumonia cap are bacterial in origin and often follow brief viral upper respiratory tract. The alveoli are responsible for gas exchange, and any kind of inflammation in alveolar space compromises this process.
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